![]() ![]() The volunteers’ response to impact was predominantly reflexive, with significantly shorter onset latencies and more bracing observed when the volunteers were aware of the impact. The neck-muscle load F was estimated from an inverse dynamics analysis of the head’s motion captured in the sagittal plane. The activity of the upper trapezius muscle was measured using surface EMG and MC sensors. Sled tests with low-severity frontal impacts were conducted, assuming two different awareness conditions for seated volunteers. The study aimed to compare how data collected simultaneously with EMG, video motion capture, and the novel MC sensor are related to neck-muscle loading. The recently introduced muscle-contraction (MC) sensor is a wearable device with a piezo-resistive element for measuring the force of an indenting tip pressing against the surface of the body. Electromyography (EMG) is a commonly used method for measuring active muscle response and can also provide input parameters for computer simulations with models of the human body. These affect the occupant’s position and dynamic loading during interactions with the vehicle’s restraints, possibly compromising their protective function. Critical traffic situations, such as vehicle collisions and emergency manoeuvres, can cause an occupant to respond with reflex and voluntary actions.
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